Conference paper · 50th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir… 2025

Decision-Support and Modeling with Large Language Models for Geothermal Well Arrays

Edwin OukoEmmanuel LujanAlan EdelmanRobert Metcalfe

PROCEEDINGS, 50th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, 2025

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Abstract

Geothermal well arrays, which organize multiple geothermal wells into carefully planned geometric configurations, provide opportunities to enhance energy production capacity and increase fault tolerance. The development and adoption of these emerging geothermal technologies could be accelerated through the recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and high-level high-performance languages.

A challenge in LLM-based applications is the reliability of the generated outputs, as they can be prone to subjective biases and “hallucinations”. This study assesses the potential of cutting-edge LLMs—such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Grok, and domain-specific models like AskGDR—as expert assistants that can synthesize insightful interpretations of complex geothermal data, as well as improve feature capabilities of geothermal models and numerical software.

We developed a novel approach, leveraging Google’s recently introduced AI assistant, NotebookLM, to accelerate the generation of unpublished quantitative geothermal benchmarks. In particular, we use these benchmarks and LLM-based interviews to analyze opportunities and limitations of two promising technologies: geothermal well arrays and closed-loop coaxial wells. This line of research could play a transformative role in the geothermal sector by enabling the next-generation of decision-support applications.

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Edwin Ouko, Emmanuel Lujan, Alan Edelman and Robert Metcalfe, “Decision-Support and Modeling with Large Language Models for Geothermal Well Arrays,” PROCEEDINGS, 50th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, 2025.

BibTeX · Conference paper 
@inproceedings{ouko2025decision,
  title={Decision-Support and Modeling with Large Language Models for Geothermal Well Arrays},
  author={Ouko, Edwin and Lujan, Emmanuel and Edelman, Alan and Metcalfe, Robert},
  booktitle={PROCEEDINGS, 50th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering},
  year={2025},
  month={02},
  organization={Stanford University},
  address={Stanford, CA},
  url={https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2025/Ouko.pdf}
}

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